ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT

       Mesir merupakan sebuah ibu negeri di daerah lembah sungai Nil beserta delta sungai tersebut.Manakala, Mesir sebuah negeri yang makmur dan peradaban tinggi di zaman pra sejarah.Mesir kaya dengan hasil bumi , ini kerana Mesir dilalui sungai Nil yang terkenal subur itu.Diantaranya, tanaman gandum banyak dihasilkan dari bumi mesir.Di lembah sungai Nil terdapat papirus, papirus oleh masyarakat Mesir dibuat sebagai kertas.Di samping itu , sayur-sayuran dan juga buah-buahan juga dihasilkan di Mesir.Boleh dikatakan juga seni Mesir purba ini ialah merupakan lukisan, arca , serta seni bina dan seni lain dihasilkan oleh tamadun Mesir kuno dalam sungai Nil  lebih rendah valley daripada sekitar 3000 BC sehingga 30 AD. Seni Purba sampai satu tahap yang tinggi dalam lukisan dan arca, dan ialah kedua-dua amat diolah dalam gaya dan simbolik.Ia dikenali dengan pelbagai gaya-gaya Mesir berubah luar biasa sedikit atas lebih lebih daripada tiga ribu tahun.Kebanyakan daripada seni terus hidup datang dari kubur.


      Seni  Mesir Purba  termasuk lukisan termasuk lukisan , arca dalam kayu , batu dan seramik , lukisan atau papirus , tembikar berbunga , barang kemas , gegading , dan media seni lain. Ia mempamerkan satu gambaran luar biasa jelas taraf sosioekonomi dan sistem kepercayaan Mesir Purba.Pigmen kebanyakannya mineral, memilih untuk bertahan cahaya matahari yang terik tanpa pemudaran.Medium berjilid digunakan dalam lukisan tetap tidak nyata seperti , tempera telur dan pelbagai pelbagai gusi dan damar yang telah dicadangkan.Sebaliknya cat digunakan ke atas plaster kering , dalam apa dipanggil "fresco secco " dalam bahasa itali.Selepas mengecat , satu varnis .

PREHISTORIC ART

         Dalam sejarah seni , seni prasejarah merupakan ialah semua seni dihasilkan dalamaskara prakenal . Budaya prasejarah ini permulaan mana-mana , menurut dalam sejarah geologi terlalu awal , dan pada umumnya, berlanjutan sehingga budaya itu adalah satu membangunkan penulisan atau cara lain penyimpanan rekod , atau dengan membuat hubungan dengan hubungan penting dengan budaya lain yang mempunyai pada awalnya rekod mengenai peristiwa sejarah utama.Di samping itu, pada ketika ini kebudayaan lama bermula , bagi budaya-budaya celik huruf lebih tua.Bagi tarikh akhir pula, untuk meliputi oleh istilah maka akan berbeza antara bahagian lain dengan dunia.

      Artifak manusia terawal menunjukkan bukti kemahiran dengan satu matlamat artistik ialah perkara beberapa perdebatan.Jelaslah bahawa kemahiran sedemikian diwujudkan menjelang 40, 000 tahun lepas dalam Upper usia  dalam era Paleolitik, tetapi bukti janji menemui kegiatan seni sejak 500 000 tahun yang lepas dijalankan oleh erectus manusia.Dari Upper Paleolitik bagi yang melalui zaman Mesolitik, lukisan gua dan seni mudah alih seperti patung dan manik menguasai , dengan usaha-usaha bercorak hiasan juga dilihat pada beberapa objek utilitarian .Dalam bukti Neolitik tembikar awal mula muncul, begitu juga dengan arca dan pembinaan stilistik.Seni batu awal juga mula-mula muncul sepanjang tempoh ini.Ia juga menyaksikan pembangunan dalam beberapa kawasan pekerja-pekerja mahir, satu kelas rakyat.

     Zaman prasejarah adalah zaman dimana sebelum bertemu dengan sumber-sumber atau dokumen-dokumen tertulis mengenai kehidupan manusia.Latar belakang kebudayaannya berasal dari kebudayaan Indonesia yang disebarkan oleh bangsa Melayu Tua dan Melayu Muda.Agama asli pada waktu itu adalah animisme dan dinamisme   yang melahirkan bentuk kesenian sebagai media upacara utama (bersifat simbolisme)


RUPA SENI ZAMAN BATU:

Rupa seni zaman batu ini terbahagi kepada 3 iaitu:

1. Zaman Batu Tua (Paleolitik)

2. Zaman Batu Menengah (Mesolitik)

3. Zaman Batu Muda (Neolithikum)


   Kemudiannya, seni berkembang dari zaman batu di zaman logam disebut zaman Megalithikum(Batu Besar).


SENI RUPA ZAMAN PALEOLITIK (BATU TUA):

  1.   Kapak genggam (Chopper )

   

2. Batu berwarna( Chalcedon)

RUPA SENI ZAMAN MEGALITIKUM (BATU BESAR)

1. Batu Menhir 

Menhir biasanya didirikan secara tunggal atau berkelompok sejajar di atas tanah.Benda prasejarah ini didirikan oleh manusia untuk melambangkan phallus, yakini bahawa simbol kesuburan untuk bumi.Menhir adalah batu serupa dengan dolmen dan cromlech.

2. Dolmen 

Dolmen merupakan meja dari batu yang bermakna tempat meletakkan sajian untuk pemujaan. Adakalanya , di bawah dolmen dipakai untuk meletakkan mayat tersebut tidak dapat dimakan oleh binatang buas maka kaki mejanya diperbanyak sampai mayat tertutup rapat oleh batu.

REALISM ART

      Realism is broadly considered the beginning of modern art. Literally, this is due to its conviction that everyday life and the modern world were suitable subjects for art. Philosophically, Realism embraced the progressive aims of modernism, seeking new truths through the reexamination and overturning of traditional systems of values and beliefs.

   Realism concerned itself with how life was structured socially, economically, politically, and culturally in the mid-nineteenth century. This led to unflinching, sometimes "ugly" portrayals of life's unpleasant moments and the use of dark, earthy palettes that confronted high art's ultimate ideals of beauty.Realism was the first explicitly anti-institutional, nonconformist art movement. Realist painters took aim at the social mores and values of the bourgeoisie and monarchy upon who patronized the art market. Though they continued submitting works to the Salons of the official Academy of Art, they were not above mounting independent exhibitions to defiantly show their work.

   Following the explosion of newspaper printing and mass media in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, Realism brought in a new conception of the artist as self-publicist. Gustave Courbet, Édouard Manet, and others purposefully courted controversy and used the media to enhance their celebrity in a manner that continues among artists to this day.

   Realism was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution.Realists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement. Instead, it sought to portray real and typical contemporary people and situations with truth and accuracy, and not avoiding unpleasant or sordid aspects of life. Realist works depicted people of all classes in situations that arise in ordinary life, and often reflected the changes brought by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions. The popularity of such "realistic" works grew with the introduction of photography a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce representations which look objectively real.

           The Realists depicted everyday subjects and situations in contemporary settings, and attempted to depict individuals of all social classes in a similar manner. Classical idealism and Romantic emotionalism and drama were avoided equally, and often sordid or untidy elements of subjects were not smoothed over or omitted. Social realism emphasizes the depiction of the working class, and treating them with the same seriousness as other classes in art, but realism, as the avoidance of artificiality, in the treatment of human relations and emotions was also an aim of Realism. Treatments of subjects in a heroic or sentimental manner were equally rejected.

         Realism as an art movement was led by Gustave Courbet in France. It spread across Europe and was influential for the rest of the century and beyond, but as it became adopted into the mainstream of painting it becomes less common and useful as a term to define artistic style. After the arrival of Impressionism and later movements which downgraded the importance of precise illusionistic brushwork, it often came to refer simply to the use of a more traditional and tighter painting style. It has been used for a number of later movements and trends in art, some involving careful illusionistic representation, such as Photorealism, and others the depiction of "realist" subject matter in a social sense, or attempts at both.

James Abbot McNeil Whistler, Nocture : Blue and Gold - Old Battersea Bridge (1872),Tate Britain , London , England. 

                                                 BEGINNINGS IN FRANCE

         The Realist movement began in the mid-19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and History painting. In favor of depictions of 'real' life, the Realist painters used common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works. The chief exponents of Realism were Gustave Courbet, Jean François Millet, Honoré Daumier, and Jean Baptiste Camille Corot. Jules Bastien Lepage is closely associated with the beginning of Naturalism, an artistic style that emerged from the later phase of the Realist movement and heralded the arrival of Impressionism. Realists used unprettified detail depicting the existence of ordinary contemporary life, coinciding in the contemporaneous naturalist literature of Emile Zola, Honore de Balzac, and Gustave Flaubert.Courbet was the leading proponent of Realism and he challenged the popular history painting that was favored at the state-sponsored art academy. His groundbreaking paintings A Burial at Ornans and The Stonebreakers depicted ordinary people from his native region. The paintings were done on huge canvases that would typically be used for history paintings.

                                  Bonjour, Monseiur Courbet, 1854 . A Realist painting by Gustave Courbet.

                                                               

                                                            BEYOND FRANCE

          The French Realist movement had stylistic and ideological equivalents in all other Western countries, developing somewhat later. In particular the Peredvizhniki or Wanderers group in Russia who formed in the 1860s and organized exhibitions from 1871 included many realists such as genre art master Vasily Perov, landscape artists Ivan Shishkin, Alexei Savrasov, and Arkhip Kuindzhi, highly regarded portraitist Ivan Kramskoy, war artist Vasily Vereshchagin, historical artist Vasily Surikov and, especially, Ilya Repin, who is considered by many to be the most renowned Russian artist of the 19th century.In Britain artists such as the American James Abbot McNeill Whistler, as well as English artists Hubert von Herkomer and Luke Fildes had great success with realist paintings dealing with social issues and depictions of the "real" world. The Ashcan School, an art movement largely based in New York City, included such artists as George Bellows and Robert Henri. It helped to define American realism in its tendency to depict the daily life of poorer members of society.

                                       Ilya Repin, Barge Haulers on the Volga , 1870.